Analysts agree that automation and artificial intelligence will transform most jobs in coming years. In a recent Baltimore Sun article, titled “Robots are spreading through the workforce. Will they crowd out humans?,” Jeffrey Siewerdsen, professor of biomedical engineering and director of the Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation at Johns Hopkins University, explains how robots are transforming work in operating rooms at Johns Hopkins Hospital.  The Excelsius uses a custom robotic arm and video screen to help surgeons precisely place screws, needles, drills or other instruments in the spine during procedures. “It’s mostly about safety and precision,” says Siewerdsen. “This is a game of millimeters, where you are millimeters away from vital structures, spinal cord and major vessels.”